Iranian Diaspora

The Iranian diaspora is a vibrant and diverse community of individuals of Iranian descent residing outside Iran. Over the past century, millions have migrated across the globe, driven by factors such as political upheaval, economic opportunities, and educational pursuits. As of 2021, approximately 4,037,258 Iranians live abroad, with significant populations in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Oceania.

This page explores the multifaceted experiences of the Iranian diaspora, delving into the historical context, migration patterns, and cultural contributions of Iranian communities worldwide. By examining the reasons behind migration, the global distribution of Iranian populations, and their impact on host societies, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of this dynamic and influential diaspora.

Reasons for Iranian Migration

The Iranian diaspora has expanded significantly over the past few decades, driven by a combination of political, economic, social, and environmental factors. Understanding these motivations is essential for comprehending the broader patterns of Iranian migration.

Political Factors

  • Revolution and Regime Change: The 1979 Islamic Revolution led to the overthrow of the Pahlavi monarchy and the establishment of the Islamic Republic. This political upheaval prompted many Iranians, particularly from the educated and professional classes, to seek stability and freedom abroad.
  • Political Repression: Following the revolution, the new regime implemented policies that suppressed political dissent and curtailed individual freedoms. This environment of political repression compelled many to emigrate in search of greater personal and political liberties.

Economic Factors

  • Economic Decline: Post-revolutionary economic challenges, including mismanagement, sanctions, and a reliance on oil exports, led to high unemployment rates and economic instability. Many Iranians migrated to countries with more robust economies and better job prospects.
  • Brain Drain: The exodus of highly educated and skilled professionals, known as the “brain drain,” has been a significant concern. Between 1991 and 1999, an estimated 150,000 to 180,000 specialists left Iran annually, resulting in a substantial loss of human capital.

Social Factors

  • Educational Opportunities: The desire for higher-quality education has driven many students to pursue studies abroad. However, upon completing their education, many choose to remain in their host countries due to better career prospects and living conditions.
  • Social Freedoms: Restrictions on personal freedoms, particularly for women and minorities, have led many to seek societies that offer greater social liberties and equality.

Environmental Factors

  • Water Scarcity and Environmental Degradation: Iran’s worsening water crisis has significantly impacted agriculture and livelihoods, prompting internal migration from rural to urban areas. This environmental stress has led to increased urbanization and, in some cases, emigration.1

Global Distribution of the Iranian Diaspora

The Iranian diaspora is a global community of Iranian citizens and individuals of Iranian descent residing outside Iran. As of 2021, estimates suggest that approximately 4,037,258 Iranians live abroad, marking a significant increase from previous years.

Global Distribution

  • Americas: The largest concentration of the Iranian diaspora is in the Americas, comprising about 47.20% of the total population. Notable communities are found in the United States, Canada, and several Latin American countries.
  • Europe: Europe hosts approximately 29.34% of the Iranian diaspora. Significant populations are present in countries such as Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Sweden.
  • Asia and Oceania: The remaining 23.46% of the Iranian diaspora resides in Asia and Oceania, with substantial communities in the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, and Australia.

Notable Communities

  • United States: The U.S. is home to a significant Iranian-American population, with estimates ranging from 400,000 to 620,000 individuals. Major communities are located in California, particularly in the Los Angeles area, and in cities like New York and Washington, D.C.
  • Canada: Canada’s Iranian community is estimated at around 400,000, with large populations in Toronto and Vancouver.
  • Germany: Germany has a notable Iranian community, with approximately 266,000 individuals residing in the country as of 2023.
  • United Arab Emirates: The UAE hosts a significant Iranian expatriate population, estimated at 357,000 in 2021.
  • Turkey: Turkey’s Iranian community is estimated at 126,640 individuals as of 2021.

Demographic Characteristics

The Iranian diaspora is characterized by a high level of education and professional achievement. Nearly 60% of Iranians abroad have earned at least an undergraduate degree, and they exhibit one of the highest rates of self-employment among immigrant groups. These demographic patterns reflect the diverse and widespread nature of the Iranian diaspora, highlighting the significant contributions of Iranian communities to various societies worldwide.

Iranian Diaspora in North America

The Iranian diaspora in North America is a significant and growing community, primarily concentrated in the United States and Canada.

United States

You can learn more in the dedicated page for Iranian American.

  • Population Size: As of 2021, the Iranian immigrant population in the United States is estimated to be approximately 385,000 individuals. 2
  • Geographic Distribution: More than half of Iranian immigrants reside in California, with a substantial portion in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Other states with notable Iranian populations include Texas, New York, Virginia, and Maryland.
  • Demographics: Iranian immigrants in the U.S. are characterized by high educational attainment, with 59% holding a bachelor’s degree or higher. The median age is 55 years, and the median household income is $79,000.3

Canada

  • Population Size: Canada is home to approximately 164,000 Iranian-born residents.
  • Geographic Distribution: The Iranian community in Canada is primarily located in major urban centers, with significant populations in Toronto and Vancouver.
  • Demographics: Similar to the U.S., Iranian immigrants in Canada tend to have high levels of education and are well-represented in professional occupations.

These communities have made substantial contributions to the cultural, economic, and social landscapes of their respective countries, enriching the multicultural fabric of North America.

Iranian Diaspora in Europe

The Iranian diaspora in Europe is a significant and diverse community, with substantial populations across various countries.

You can learn more in the dedicated page for Iranian European.

Population Size and Distribution

  • Overall Population: As of 2021, approximately 1,184,552 Iranians reside in Europe, accounting for about 29.34% of the global Iranian diaspora.
  • Country-Specific Populations: The distribution of Iranian nationals across European countries is as follows:
    • Germany: Approximately 152,590 Iranian nationals.
    • United Kingdom: Around 83,531 Iranian nationals.
    • Sweden: About 79,363 Iranian nationals.
    • Netherlands: Approximately 34,809 Iranian nationals.
    • France: Around 26,069 Iranian nationals.
    • Other Countries: Significant populations are also present in countries such as Norway, Denmark, Belgium, and Austria.

Demographic Characteristics

  • Gender Distribution: The gender distribution among Iranian nationals in Europe is approximately 57% male and 43% female.
  • Age and Education: While specific age and education statistics for the Iranian diaspora in Europe are limited, studies indicate that Iranian immigrants often have high levels of education and are well-represented in professional occupations.

Migration Patterns

  • Historical Context: The majority of Iranian immigrants in Europe arrived after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, with significant numbers seeking asylum due to political and economic upheavals.
  • Recent Trends: In recent years, migration has continued, driven by factors such as political repression, economic challenges, and the pursuit of educational and professional opportunities.

Cultural and Social Impact

  • Community Contributions: Iranian communities in Europe have made significant contributions to the cultural, scientific, and economic landscapes of their host countries. They are active in various sectors, including academia, business, and the arts.
  • Integration and Identity: Studies have explored the integration experiences of Iranian immigrants, highlighting challenges related to cultural identity, social integration, and political participation.

Iranian Diaspora in the Middle East and Asia

The Iranian diaspora in the Middle East and Asia is a significant and diverse community, with substantial populations in several countries.

Middle East

  • United Arab Emirates (UAE): The UAE hosts a large Iranian expatriate community, with estimates ranging from 400,000 to 500,000 individuals. Many Iranians in the UAE are involved in business and trade, contributing to the country’s economic development.
  • Qatar: Qatar is home to approximately 200,000 Iranians, many of whom are engaged in various professional sectors, including construction, healthcare, and education.
  • Kuwait: Kuwait has an Iranian community of around 100,000 individuals, with many working in the oil industry and other sectors.
  • Bahrain: Bahrain’s Iranian population is estimated at about 50,000, with many involved in trade and commerce.
  • Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia hosts a smaller Iranian community, with estimates around 20,000 individuals, primarily engaged in business and trade. 4

Asia

  • Malaysia: Malaysia is home to an estimated 70,000 to 100,000 Iranians, many of whom are students, professionals, and entrepreneurs. The community has grown significantly since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, with recent migration waves occurring after political events in Iran.
  • Turkey: Turkey hosts a significant Iranian community, with estimates ranging from 50,000 to 100,000 individuals. Many Iranians in Turkey are involved in business, education, and tourism.
  • India: India has a smaller Iranian community, with estimates around 10,000 individuals, primarily engaged in business and cultural exchange.
  • Pakistan: Pakistan hosts an Iranian community of approximately 5,000 individuals, mainly involved in trade and cultural activities.5

Iranian Diaspora in Oceania

Australia

  • Population Size: As of 2021, approximately 77,870 individuals in Australia were born in Iran.
  • Geographic Distribution: The Iranian community is primarily located in New South Wales and Victoria, with significant populations in Sydney and Melbourne.
  • Demographics: The community is diverse, encompassing various religious affiliations, including Islam, Baháʼí Faith, and Christianity. Notably, 37.3% of Iranian Australians reported having no religion.
  • Migration History: The majority of Iranian immigrants arrived in Australia after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, with significant numbers in the 1980s and 1990s. Recent migration has been driven by professionals seeking opportunities through skilled migration programs.

New Zealand

  • Population Size: As of 2023, there were 11,850 Iran-born individuals in New Zealand.
  • Geographic Distribution: The Iranian community is concentrated in urban centers such as Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch.
  • Demographics: The community is diverse, with members practicing Islam, Christianity, and the Baháʼí Faith. A significant portion identifies with no religion.
  • Migration History: Migration to New Zealand increased notably after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, with many seeking refuge from political and religious persecution. The community has grown steadily, with recent migrants often being professionals and students.

Resources and helpful links.

  1. https://www.ft.com/ ↩︎
  2. https://iran-times.com/ ↩︎
  3. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/ ↩︎
  4. https://features.kodoom.com/ ↩︎
  5. https://www.mei.edu/ ↩︎

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